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Lesotho (le-soo-too) is nicknamed the 'kingdom in the sky' for good reason. It is an amazingly beautiful, mountainous country nestled island-like in the middle of South Africa.
Lesotho came into being during the early 19th century, when forced migration and Boer incursions where at their height. Under the leadership of the legendary King Moshoeshoe the Great, the Basotho people sought sanctuary and strategic advantage amid the forbidding terrain of the Drakendserg and Maluti Ranges. The small nation they forged continues to be an intriguiding anomaly in a sea of modernity. Area: 30,355 sq kms Natural resources: Water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone Terrain: Mostly highland and plateauts, hills, and mountains (between 1400m and 3482m Land use: Arable land: 10.87%, Permanent crops: 0.13%
Lesotho is a mountainous, landlocked country located in Southern Africa, located at around 29º30'S, 28º30'E. It is completely surrounded by South Africa, making it one of the only three countries in the world that are enclaves within another country (the others are San Marino and the Vatican City).
The most notable geographic fact about Lesotho, apart from its status as an enclave, is that it is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above 1,000 metres in elevation, with its lowest point is at 1400m, the highest lowest point of any country. 80% of the country lies above 1800m which makes the country's climate cooler than most other regions at the same latitude.
Lesotho can be roughly divided into three geographic regions: the lowlands, following the southern portions of the Caledon and Orange (Senqu) rivers; the highlands formed by the Drankensberg and Maloti mountain ranges in the east and central parts of the country; and the foothills, which divide the two.
Climate Climate varies considerably through the four seasons. In winter (between May and September) temperatures can drop to -7ºC in the lowlands and -18ºC in the highlands, and snowy mountain ranges make a great proportion of the country inaccessible. Summers (between October and April) are warm and hot, with temperatures averaging 32 degrees.
Rainfall is variable, averages 700mm over most of the country and falls in huge summer thunderstorms. Heavy rain and hailstorms are common, resulting in destruction of crops and serious soil erosion – alternatively spells of drought occur on a 1 in 5 year return period in the mountains. Lightening strickes are a high risk in the highlands during the summer months.
The Economy Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho relies on remittances from miners employed in South Africa and customs duties from the Southern Africa Customs Union for the majority of government revenue. However, the government has recently strengthened its tax system to reduce dependency on customs duties.
Completion of a major hydropower facility in January 1998 permitted the sale of water to South Africa and generated royalties for Lesotho. Lesotho produces about 90% of its own electrical power needs. As the number of mineworkers has declined steadily over the past several years, a small manufacturing base has developed based on farm products that support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries, as well as a rapidly expanding apparel-assembly sector. The latter has grown significantly mainly due to Lesotho qualifying for the trade benefits contained in the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. The economy is still primarily based on subsistence agriculture, especially livestock, although drought has decreased agricultural activity. The extreme inequality in the distribution of income remains a major drawback. History In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following contentious election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African and Botswanan military forces under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community. Subsequent constitutional reforms restored relative political stability. Peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002, but the National Assembly elections of February 2007 were hotly contested and aggrieved parties continue to periodically demonstrate their distrust of the results. Pre-20th-Century History People described as Sotho have lived in Southern Africa since at least the 10th century AD, moving throughout the high veld of the region. By the 16th century, the Sotho people had arrived in the area known now as Lesotho, marrying and intermingling with the Khoisan people, and forming small chiefdoms. Extensive trade links were established between the groups, as well as with outside people. Grain and hides, for example, were traded for iron from the Transvaal area.
By the early 19th century white traders were on the scene, exchanging their ever-reliable beads for cattle. In came the Voortrekkers (Boer pioneers), and suddenly the people of the area, now called Basotholand, had to recognise that constant expansion for 300 years was placing extreme pressure on the environment. At the same time, consolidation and expansion of the Zulu state was causing a chain-reaction of violence throughout southern Africa. Survival by the loosely organised southern Sotho society is attributed to the strong leadership of Moshoeshoe the Great.
The Basotho emerged as a people around 1820 when Moshoeshoe the Great gathered the tribes scattered by Zulu raids and established a stronghold at Butha-Buthe, and later on the mountain of Thaba-Bosiu, about 30km (20mi) from what is now Maseru. By 1840 his people numbered about 40,000. In 1868, under increasing pressure from the Boers, Moshoeshoe placed the region under the protection of the British government, but as part of the deal, lost even more land to the Boers. The British signed over control to the Cape Colony in 1871 - a year after the death of Moshoeshoe the Great - and the new government wasted no time reducing the power of the chiefs. After another war in 1880 the land was again shuttled back to British control. This turned out to be a lucky break for the people of Lesotho. Had they remained part of the Cape Colony, they would have become part of the newly-formed Union of South Africa and, under apartheid, would have become a homeland. Modern History In 1910 the Basotholand National Council - an official advisory body - was formed, and in the mid-1950s it requested internal self-government. Elections were held in 1960 for a Legislative Council made up of elected delegates and appointed chiefs. In 1966, Basotholand gained independence, and its name was changed to Lesotho. When the first Prime Minister, Chief Jonathan, was defeated at the 1970 poll, he suspended the constitution, expelled the king and banned the opposition. This textbook example of African democracy at work led to another staple of modern African politics - a coup - in 1974. The attempt was crushed and Jonathan retained power in the one-party state. When the leader began siding with foreign nations in criticising South African apartheid in 1983, South Africa closed Lesotho's borders, strangling the country. It was a telling reminder of South African power.
On 20 January 1986, Chief Jonathan was overthrown in a coup by Major General JM Lekhanya. Although the South African government has vehemently denied any involvement, the new regime proved more amenable to South African regional security policies. In 1991 Lekhanya was himself overthrown by a group of army officers. King Moshoeshoe II went into exile in London. Following negotiations between the new leadership headed by Major-General Elias Ramaema and Moshoeshoe II, the former monarch returned to the country in August 1992. He did not resume his throne, however.
Ramaema promised a return to civilian rule, and elections for a new National Assembly were held in March 1993. Every one of the 65 seats was won by the Basotho Congress Party. The BCP leader Ntsu Mokhehle became Prime Minister. On two occasions in the first half of 1994, discontent in the army flared up into skirmishes between rebel troops and forces loyal to the government. These events were overshadowed by the dissolution of parliament in August by new King Letsie, Moshoeshoe's son, who cited popular dissatisfaction with the BCP administration and appointed himself head of state for both executive and legislative purposes. The move was widely condemned outside the country, and under heavy diplomatic pressure, King Letsie restored constitutional government the following month, and abdicated in favour of Moshoeshoe, five years after being deposed. In late 1995, King Moshoeshoe II was killed in a car accident. King Letsie succeeded him. The BCP, however, was split between those who wanted Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle to remain as leader and those who didn't. Mokhehle formed the breakaway Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) party and continued to govern. Elections were held in 1998, and many people protested that there had been widespread cheating by the LCD, which won in a landslide. Tensions between the public service and the government became acute, and the military was also split. Recent History Although the government increased military salaries in line with other government workers in 1995, an uprising three years later by a disgruntled faction of the Lesotho Defense Forces necessitated Botswana and South Africa military intervention. In late September 1998, a government gradually losing control called on help from its neighbours. Troops, mainly South African, entered the kingdom and suppressed rebel elements of the Lesotho army. The fighting was soon over but order had broken down and many shops and other businesses in Maseru were looted and torched.
Due to intense political wrangling elections scheduled for 2000 were postponed. They were finally held in May 2002, with the LCD winning again. After a three-year drought, the prime minister called a state of emergency in February 2004, saying hundreds of thousands were affected. The following month the Lesotho Highlands Water Project - dogged during construction by corruption scandal - finally began supplying water to South Africa. It was a much-needed economic boost, as unemployment hovered between 40% and 45%.
The first local elections since independence were held in April 2005. Voters selected representatives for 129 local councils, however opposition parties boycotted it. In November 2005, Lesotho became the world's first nation to offer free HIV/AIDS tests to all its citizens. The Prime Minister even was tested in public.
In 2006, Prince Harry started a well-publicised charity in Lesotho to support children orphaned from AIDS. The charity is called Sentebale, which means 'forget me not'. Source: Lonely Planet. |
